Evaluating alternative crops as a solution to water stress in the U.S. Southwest

One possible response to increasing water scarcity in the U.S. Southwest is to shift agriculture to less water-intensive crops. This article provides the first comprehensive review of such crops for the region, identifying more than 70 possibilities. These include efforts to breed drought-tolerant cultivars of widely grown crops, native wild plants considered for domestication, and heritage crops which could be revitalized. We review literature on these crops and evaluate their potential viability. We assess water-related benefits by comparing crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) or irrigation requirements with those of alfalfa, the most widely grown and among the most water-intensive crops in the region. Crops selected for consideration can be grown with less than half the water requirement of alfalfa, can tolerate lower quality (i.e., saline) water, or shift the timing of water demand away from periods of greatest stress. In addition to water-related benefits, many of the candidate crops are linked to other positive social and environmental outcomes, such as supporting alternative localized food systems. However, widespread adoption of alternative crops may be constrained by high costs, uncertain markets, or lack of familiarity among both producers and consumers. Considering this context, we identify two main groups of high-potential alternatives: forage crops that can replace alfalfa in beef and dairy supply chains, and high-value niche food crops that can provide options for small farmers and underserved communities. The first group includes crops such as teff, millets, and salt-tolerant native plants such as Atriplex spp., while the second includes examples such as mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia spp.), and tepary bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius ). Enhancing the feasibility of adopting these alternatives, for instance by creating programs that pay farmers to switch crops rather than remove land from production, could create public benefits by avoiding the negative outcomes associated with fallowing. • Switching to less water-intensive crops can reduce agricultural water demand. • This review identified over 70 water-saving alternative crops in the Southwest. • Alternatives are evaluated by environmental, economic, and social outcomes and constraints. • Numerous low-water and salt-tolerant forage crops could offset reductions in alfalfa production. • Adopting alternative crops can dovetail with promoting alternative food systems.