Requirements for Applying the Current Interruption Technique for Reconstructing the Impedance of Li-Ion Batteries
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that provides useful information on the status of a lithium-ion battery, including its state-of-health. However, conventional harmonic perturbation methods are too sophisticated for applications in operating environments. This study systematically investigates the system requirements for reconstructing impedance via the Fourier transform of voltage and current signals obtained upon current interruption. Using a calibrated equivalent circuit model, key parameters such as the minimum sampling interval <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>∆</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , the initial time collected during relaxation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , and the current removal duration <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , are correlated with the frequency range [ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>min</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="1em"/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ] in which impedance is reconstructed within 1% error. A Gaussian window, whose width is modulated with frequency, effectively mitigates noise up to 0.1 mV. The resulting general relations, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>min</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mn>0.07</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∆</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> (or <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mn>0.07</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mo>∆</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ), are valid within 10 −2 –10 4 Hz, that is sufficient to cover ohmic, polarisation, and diffusion impedance features. Experimental tests on a commercial lithium-ion cell corroborate the generality of these system requirements. With a sampling interval of 70 μs for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> Hz and a waiting time of 40 s for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>min</mml:mi> </mml:mrow>
Authors
- Antonio Bertei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-6825)
- Davide Cademartori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-983X)
- Monica Puccini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-0604)
- Maria Paola Carpanese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1811-3313)
- Marco Lagnoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6715-3317)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 2025-03-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/adc510
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.73
Funders
- European Commission
- Università di Pisa
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca