Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring with Electrical Cardiometry During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Surgery, a Cross-Sectional Study

<b>Background</b>: Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), autonomic reactions, and anesthetics all contribute to hemodynamic alterations during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study's objectives are to measure noninvasively the intraoperative individual responses in cardiac and systemic hemodynamics, focusing on cardiac output (CO. L/min), stroke volume (SV, mL/min), systemic vascular resistance (SVR, dyn.s.cm^-5), and noninvasive mean arterial blood pressure (MABP, mmHg) during and after peritoneal insufflation (cmH₂O). The secondary objective was to evaluate the utility of EC as an adjunct to standard monitoring and to assess the individual differences. <b>Methods</b>: The CO and associated parameters were continuously and noninvasively monitored with the electrical cardiometry (EC, ICON, Osypka, Berlin Germany). <b>Results</b>: Seventy-three patients showed that when the IAP increased to 13 [IQR: 13-14] cmH₂O, there was an overall percentage decrease in CO (-11.29%), MABP (-9.31%), and SVR (-23.16%) compared to pre induction with minimal changes in heart rate (HR). Individual variation and extreme reactions among certain patients were noted, with CO falling by -47.14% and MABP by -61.59, respectively, which can have major repercussions. <b>Conclusions</b>: The EC enabled real-time, non-invasive CO monitoring and detected significant cardio-hemodynamic changes that conventional monitors could miss. EC can supplement traditional monitors and give attending anesthesiologists access to more of patients' vital information.