The role and significance of two-humped camels in Mongolia: adaptability, economic impact, and cultural importance

This study examines the multifaceted role of the two-humped camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) in the livelihoods of Mongolian pastoralists, focusing on its adaptability to extreme climates, economic contributions, and cultural significance. Camels are essential for the production of meat, milk, and wool, which account for 54% of total cash income in certain regions. They also provide essential draft power for transportation, tourism, and sports. The study reveals variations in camel distribution across Mongolia’s natural zones and highlights their resilience in supporting herders under diverse ecological conditions. The reproductive and lactation cycles of camels, adapted to Mongolia’s distinct climate, further highlight their suitability for pastoral systems. This research emphasizes the importance of promoting sustainable camel farming practices through supportive policies and investments to improve pastoral livelihoods and to ensure the preservation of Mongolia’s camel-rearing heritage.