Evaluating opportunities of refuse derived fuel for energy-based industrial symbiosis towards a circular economy - A case study

Refuse derived fuel (RDF) production enables the utilisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a substitute fuel for industrial applications. This contributes to reducing the challenges of MSW management and associated GHG emissions by substituting conventional fuel. However, RDF quality characteristics rely on the production process and composition, contributing to market value for RDF utilisation. In this study, RDF production from MSW and utilisation potentials were investigated through a case study at a waste-to-energy system in Kumasi, Ghana. The study consisted of field and laboratory experimentation, survey and statistical analysis to assess RDF physicochemical properties and usability options for thermal energy application. The results classify the RDF produced under NCV: II-IV, Cl: II and Hg: I, according to the EN 15359:2011 classification. An average of 14-22 MJ/kg of lower heating values recorded was within the limits for RDF thermal application. Among the potential RDF users surveyed showed positive interest in RDF utilisation as a substitute fuel. However, the outcomes suggest that RDF adoption is highly sensitive to cost concerns, perceived operational barriers, and environmental considerations. Awareness, regulations, and stakeholder support are important in improving perspectives on RDF adoption as an alternative fuel. The results establish opportunities for RDF as an industrial alternative fuel. Also, a contribution to knowledge of the demand-side factors affecting RDF utilisation, especially in Ghana and other emerging economies.