Densification and Drainage Effects of Stone Columns on Mitigating the Uplift of a Shield Tunnel Induced by Soil Liquefaction

After sand liquefaction, buried underground structures may float, leading to structural damage. Therefore, implementing effective reinforcement measures to control sand liquefaction and soil deformation is crucial. Stone columns are widely used to reinforce liquefiable sites, enhancing their resistance to liquefaction. In this study, we investigated the mitigation effect of stone columns on the uplift of a shield tunnel induced by soil liquefaction using a high-fidelity numerical method. The liquefiable sand was modeled using a plastic model for large postliquefaction shear deformation of sand (CycLiq). A dynamic centrifuge model test on stone column–improved liquefiable ground was simulated using this model. The results demonstrate that the constitutive model and analysis method effectively reproduce the liquefaction behavior of stone column–reinforced ground under seismic loading, accurately reflecting the time histories of excess pore pressure ratio and acceleration. Subsequently, numerical simulations were employed to analyze the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand strata and the response of a shield tunnel before and after reinforcement with stone columns. Additionally, the effects of densification and drainage of the stone columns were separately studied. The results show that, after installing stone columns, the excess pore pressure ratio at each measurement point significantly decreased, eliminating liquefaction and mitigating the uplift of the tunnel. The drainage effect of the stone columns emerged as the primary mechanism for dissipating excess pore pressure and reducing tunnel uplift. Furthermore, the densification effect of stone columns effectively reduces soil settlement, particularly pronounced around the stone columns, i.e., at a distance of three times the diameter of the stone column.