Comparative metagenomic analysis of the oral microbiome in COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, affects multiple body systems, including the oral cavity, where it may disrupt the oral microbiome in ways that contribute to disease pathology. Understanding the long-term interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the oral microbiome is crucial, as it may reveal microbial markers valuable for diagnosing or monitoring persistent health issues in COVID-19 survivors. Metagenomic sequencing revealed significant microbial shifts in the oral microbiome of COVID-19 patients, showing reduced microbial diversity and increased prevalence of opportunistic pathogens compared to healthy individuals. Alpha diversity measures indicated lower microbial diversity and evenness, while beta diversity analyses demonstrated distinct microbial community compositions. Core microbiome analysis identified unique taxa in COVID-19 patients that may contribute to disease pathology, while differential abundance analysis highlighted specific taxa shifts, including an increase in potential pathogens. Our findings advance the understanding of microbial changes in the oral microbiome associated with COVID-19 and suggest potential targets for microbiome-based interventions. While these results indicate associations with possible health impacts, further research is needed to determine causative links and long-term implications for COVID-19 survivors. This foundational research highlights the potential for microbiome science to inform diagnostic tools, such as microbial markers for disease progression, and therapeutic approaches, including targeted probiotics, which could ultimately support better patient outcomes and public health strategies.