Recent advances and optoelectronic applications of Cu–Ag–Bi–I quaternary lead-free perovskites

Abstract In recent years, Cu–Ag–Bi–I quaternary lead-free perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications, offering an environmental alternative to traditional lead-based perovskites. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the current advancements in the synthesis, structural characterization, and photoelectric properties of Cu–Ag–Bi–I compounds, with a focus on their photoelectric applications, including solar cells, indoor photovoltaics, and photodetectors. The unique combination of metal cations in Cu–Ag–Bi–I materials leads to tunable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, and favorable charge transport properties, positioning them as versatile materials for various optoelectronic applications. Despite their potential, challenges remain in optimizing their performance and stability. We discuss current strategies, such as additive engineering and doping, to enhance material properties and suggest future directions for the development of these materials. Ultimately, Cu–Ag–Bi–I lead-free perovskites has significant potential for commercialization as a burgeoning green and efficient photoelectric materials.