A study of clinical spectrum of vitamin B12 deficiency in pediatric age group in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a major preventable issue in children, often leading to severe neurological and hematological problems. In regions with high vegetarianism and malnutrition, it remains underreported. This study aims to examine the clinical manifestations and contributing factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in affected children. Methods: This cross-sectional survey at Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital and Sangameshwar Teaching and General Hospital, attached to Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College and Private Hospitals in Kalaburagi, from August 2022 to January 2024 included 75 children (0-18 years) with vitamin B12 deficiency. Data collection involved dietary patterns, appetite, neurological symptoms, and co-morbid conditions. Laboratory investigations assessed hemoglobin, peripheral smear, vitamin B12 levels, and platelet count. Informed consent was obtained from all participants' guardians. Results: The study of 75 cases revealed a mean age of 6.16 years, with 37.3% under 1 year, 36% adolescents, and 20% aged 1-4 years. Vitamin B12 deficiency was widespread, affecting 85.3% with levels ≤200 pmol/l. A vegetarian diet was significantly associated with higher deficiency rates (p<0.05). Significant nutritional deficiencies and comorbidities were observed, including developmental delays and anemia. Lower vitamin B12 levels correlated with increased malnutrition severity (p=0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the critical role of vitamin B12 in maintaining health among children and adolescents. It reveals high deficiency rates, particularly in infants, those with delayed complementary feeding, and vegetarians. Maternal vitamin B12 levels significantly impact breastfed infants' health. An inverse correlation between vitamin B12 levels and nutritional status emphasizes the need for early detection, monitoring, and intervention.