A study of the relationship between hypertension, blood sugar, lipid profile, subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness in obese and overweight children

Background: Childhood obesity has become a significant global public health concern, with rising prevalence contributing to increased risks of metabolic disorders, including hypertension, dysglycemia, and dyslipidemia. These conditions predispose affected children to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Understanding these associations is critical for early intervention. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 64 children aged 5-15 years, categorized as normal, overweight, or obese based on body mass index (BMI) according to IAP growth charts. Anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, lipid profiles, and fat thickness (via USG) were analyzed. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05 using the R statistical package. Results: Blood pressure: stage 1 hypertension was observed in 50% of obese children and 20% of overweight children, while all normal-weight children had normal BP (p<0.05). Blood glucose: Mean fasting blood glucose was 88.94 mg/dl (normal), 117.06 mg/dl (overweight), and 157 mg/dl (obese) (p<0.05). Lipid profile: Obese children exhibited elevated triglycerides (TG) (165 mg/dl), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (30 mg/dl), and higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (108 mg/dl), with significant differences compared to other groups (p<0.05). Fat thickness: Mean subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness (VFT) increased progressively with BMI (p<0.05). Conclusions: Childhood overweight and obesity are linked to significant cardiometabolic risks, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Early detection and targeted interventions are essential to prevent long-term complications. Future studies should involve larger cohorts and incorporate detailed dietary assessments to better address the ongoing childhood obesity epidemic.