Promoter Methylation of HIV Coreceptor-Related Genes CCR5 and CXCR4: Original Research

The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within viral reservoirs poses significant challenges to eradication efforts. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, are potential factors influencing the latency and persistence of HIV. This study details the development and application of techniques to assess CpG methylation in the promoter regions of the <i>CCR5</i> and <i>CXCR4</i> genes, which are key HIV-1 coreceptors. Using both Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing methods, we examined 51 biological samples from 17 people living with HIV at three time points: baseline (week 0) and post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) at weeks 24 and 48. Our results revealed that <i>CXCR4</i> promoter CpG sites were largely unmethylated, while <i>CCR5</i> promoter CpGs exhibited significant variability in methylation levels. Specifically, <i>CCR5</i> CpG 1 showed a significant decrease in methylation from week 0 to week 48, while <i>CXCR4</i> CpG 3 displayed a significant decrease between week 0 and week 24. These differences were statistically significant when compared with non-HIV-infected controls. These findings demonstrate distinct methylation patterns between <i>CCR5</i> and <i>CXCR4</i> promoters in people living with HIV over time, suggesting that epigenetic modifications may play a role in regulating the persistence of HIV-1. Our techniques provide a reliable framework for assessing gene promoter methylation and could be applied in further research on the epigenetics of HIV.