Characterization of novel miswak and bioactive glass composites in various ratios

Abstract The present study aims to formulate and characterize novel composite materials consisting of miswak ( Salvadora persica ) and bioactive glass (45S5 and 54S4P) in different ratios (25%–75%, 50%–50% and 75%–25%). Miswak sticks were dried, ground into a fine powder and blended with bioactive glass powder obtained through a melt‐derived technique at 1400 °C. The resulting composites, designated M25BG45, M50BG45, M75BG45, M25BG54, M50BG54 and M75BG54, were compacted into pellets 1 mm thick weighing approximately 150 mg using a manual hydraulic press and then sintered at 200 °C. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, field emission SEM (FESEM), XRD, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FESEM showed a homogeneous distribution of miswak particles within the bioactive glass matrix. XRD confirmed the amorphous nature of the bioactive glass and the distinctive peaks of miswak. FTIR spectra revealed absorption bands corresponding to both miswak and bioactive glass. The structural assessment of these composites, incorporating varying proportions of miswak with bioactive glass types 45S5 and 54S4P, provides valuable contributions towards optimizing bioactivity and biocompatibility. These findings suggest potential applications of the innovative miswak–bioactive glass composite in oral and dental healthcare. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.