Moving beyond the physical impervious surface impact and urban habitat fragmentation of Alaska: quantitative human footprint inference from the first large scale 30 m high-resolution Landscape metrics big data quantification in R and the cloud

With increased globalization, man-made climate change, and urbanization, the landscape-embedded within the Anthropocene-becomes increasingly fragmented. With wilderness habitats transitioning and getting lost, globally relevant regions considered 'pristine', such as Alaska, are no exception. Alaska holds 60% of the U.S. National Park system's area and is of national and international importance, considering the U.S. is one of the wealthiest nations on earth. These characteristics tie into densities and quantities of human features, <i>e.g</i>., roads, houses, mines, wind parks, agriculture, trails, <i>etc</i>., that can be summarized as 'impervious surfaces.' Those are physical impacts and actively affecting urban-driven landscape fragmentation. Using the remote sensing data of the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), here we attempt to create the first quantification of this physical human impact on the Alaskan landscape and its fragmentation. We quantified these impacts using the well-established landscape metrics tool 'Fragstats', implemented as the R package "landscapemetrics" in the desktop software and through the interface of a Linux Cloud-computing environment. This workflow allows for the first time to overcome the computational limitations of the conventional Fragstats software within a reasonably quick timeframe. Thereby, we are able to analyze a land area as large as approx. 1,517,733 km² (state of Alaska) while maintaining a high assessment resolution of 30 m. Based on this traditional methodology, we found that Alaska has a reported physical human impact of c. 0.067%. We additionally overlaid other features that were not included in the input data to highlight the overall true human impact (<i>e.g</i>., roads, trails, airports, governance boundaries in game management and park units, mines, <i>etc</i>.). We found that using remote sensing (human impact layers), Alaska's human impact is considerably underestimated to a meaningless estimate. The state is more seriously fragmented and affected by humans than commonly assumed. Very few areas are truly untouched and display a high patch density with corresponding low mean patch sizes throughout the study area. Instead, the true human impact is likely close to 100% throughout Alaska for several metrics. With these newly created insights, we provide the first state-wide landscape data and inference that are likely of considerable importance for land management entities in the state of Alaska, and for the U.S. National Park systems overall, especially in the changing climate. Likewise, the methodological framework presented here shows an Open Access workflow and can be used as a reference to be reproduced virtually anywhere else on the planet to assess more realistic large-scale landscape metrics. It can also be used to assess human impacts on the landscape for more sustainable landscape stewardship and mitigation in policy.