Photocosmos, Is the Universe Made of Light? Photons, Particles, Gravitation from the Electromagnetic Vacuum

Without stating postulates or making any hypothesis, the quantization of the vector potential amplitude at a single photon level yields naturally the electromagnetic field ground state corresponding to the electromagnetic vacuum having both classical and quantum representations. It is a zero-energy cosmic field with electric nature permeating all of space and composed of real quantum states, called kenons (from κενo = vacuum). It overcomes the vacuum energy singularity in quantum electrodynamics without compromising any of the achievements. Photons appear clearly as local oscillations of the electromagnetic vacuum state propagating at the speed of light and having a non-local real wave function. The elementary positive and negative charges derive equally from the electromagnetic vacuum and may correspond to standing photon states in specific topological configurations. Furthermore, it is shown that the masses of all elementary particles-antiparticles derive from the electromagnetic vacuum and are expressed proportionally to the elementary charge. The mass effect results from the charge states and their magnetic moments. All neutral particles are composed of positive and negative charges. The electromagnetic nature of particles implies that Newton’s and Coulomb’s laws are naturally equivalent. The gravitational constant has also electromagnetic nature and depends on the electromagnetic vacuum density of states entailing that it may not be universal. The electromagnetic vacuum is the source of light, matter, anti-matter and gravitational effects in the universe.