Bi-level Optimal Scheduling for Peak Shaving and Carbon Reduction Based on Building Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems

Against the backdrop of the “dual carbon“ goals, the development of new energy sources is rapid, however, it also poses challenges for the management and functioning of electrical power networks. This paper proposes a real-time carbon emission flow calculation method for energy storage systems, which takes into account the mixed use of green electricity and grid electricity in the energy storage system. During the discharge process of energy storage, green electricity and grid electricity supply energy in proportion to power, while during the charging process, the proportion of green electricity and grid electricity in energy storage changes. Therefore, a description of the green electricity ratio is defined, which is the ratio of green electricity to the remaining energy storage, to represent the state of green electricity (SOG). This paper discusses the inherent conflict between peak regulation and carbon reduction targets and proposes a double-layer optimization strategy to solve this problem. The paper examines the distinctions between a two-tiered optimization approach and a singular optimization tactic. The findings indicate that the two-tiered optimization method is capable of efficiently resolving the tension between peak demand adjustment and carbon emission reduction, leading to enhanced energy management outcomes. In addition, by comparing the optimization results under different target settings, this paper further explores the feasibility and benefits of the double-layer optimization strategy in practical applications.