Clinical Course of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Hispanic and African American Patients: A Retrospective Study at a South Bronx Hospital

Background Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can progress to liver cirrhosis. Genetics, immune system dysfunctions, and environmental factors influence the global prevalence of AIH. AIH exhibits variable clinical outcomes across ethnic groups, with Hispanic patients having a higher prevalence of cirrhosis, whereas African American patients are noted to have higher hospitalization and mortality rates. Aim The purpose of our study is to assess the clinical course of autoimmune hepatitis, specifically in Hispanic and African American patients. Methodology We performed a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with AIH and managed by the Gastroenterology Service from July 2006 to June 2023. The study population comprised individuals who were either Hispanic or African American and aged 18 years or older. Patients who were hospitalized and did not continue with outpatient follow-up were excluded from the analysis. Results Out of the 30 patients in our study, 27 (90%) were female and 3 (10%) were male. About 21 (70%) of the patients were Hispanic, while 9 (30%) were African American. The mean age at the time of AIH diagnosis was 45 years. Liver cirrhosis was confirmed with liver biopsy in 21 (70%) of the patients, and by imaging or clinical findings alone in an additional 3 (10%). Concomitant autoimmune diseases were present in 7 (23%) of the patients. Approximately 11 (36%) of the patients required hospitalization due to decompensated liver cirrhosis. About 19 (63%) were initially referred to the gastroenterology service due to abnormal liver function tests and were asymptomatic at the time of the first visit. About 6 (20%) of the patients presented with abdominal pain as their initial symptom. One patient had nausea and vomiting, two presented with jaundice, and one presented with altered mental status. Notably, none of the patients died during the study period. Conclusion Our study indicates that AIH is more prevalent among female and Hispanic patients as compared to male and African American patients. A significant proportion of our patients developed cirrhosis. Further studies are necessary to improve outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis in African American and Hispanic populations.