Tariff Design for Residential Private Charging Posts Considering a High Penetration Rate of Electric Vehicles

Currently, the time-of-use tariff is adopted in many cities to guide the charging behavior of residential consumers. However, the penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs) has been steadily increasing and timed charging during off-peak hours has led to issues of over-response, necessitating the design of novel tariffs for residential private charging posts. This paper proposes a time-of-use tariff with demand charge (ToU-D) to integrate the advantages of various pricing mechanisms. A mixed-integer bilevel model is constructed, with the upper-level grid company minimizing electricity purchase costs in the wholesale market and the lower-level residential consumers minimizing charging payment. The bilevel model is converted into a single-level one and solved by minimizing the duality gap. The case studies demonstrate that this tariff effectively addresses over-response issues and brings significant economic benefits to both the grid company and residential consumers.