Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost IoT-Based Smart Agricultural System Using ESP32 and LoRa Technology

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost IoT-based smart agricultural system utilizing the ESP32 microcontroller and LoRa technology. The system integrates multiple sensors, including those for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, to monitor essential environmental parameters. It also supports real-time image capture for crop assessment using the ESP32-CAM module. Data collected by the sensors is processed by the ESP32 and transmitted wirelessly via LoRa to a central gateway, which connects to the cloud for storage and analysis. This architecture provides flexibility and long-range communication, making it suitable for large agricultural fields. An intuitive dashboard enables farmers to visualize real-time data and control actuators remotely, facilitating automated irrigation and other field operations. The proposed system emphasizes affordability, scalability, and ease of replication, offering a practical solution for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture.