Constructing Ethnographic Protocols for Zakat Studies in the Muslim Community

Purpose — This study aims to construct ethnographic protocols to investigate the social and cultural elements associated with zakat. Despite Islamic scholarship articulating the values associated with zakat, most existing research has focused on quantitative approaches, leaving a significant gap in the exploration of the social and cultural dimensions of zakat. Design/Methodology/Approach — This study employed a systematic review of 21 selected authoritative textbooks and journal articles that addressed research worldview, agenda, methodology, and qualitative data analysis starting from 1979 to 2024. Furthermore, to bolster this initiative, 32 additional pertinent sources have been incorporated. The study reaffirms the notion of the rarity of ethnographic style within the broader scientific landscape, as evidenced by the publication of 722 articles in the Web of Science. The data generated were subjected to a qualitative content analysis procedure, which included decontextualisation, recontextualisation, categorisation, and compilation. Findings — This study has constructed protocols that incorporate an Islamic worldview and a pro-Islam agenda, utilising flexible strategies, ethnographic design, and robust data collection methods. Additionally, they encompass appropriate data analysis techniques, measures for validity, and effective data presentation. Findings demonstrate significant insights into the social roles of zakat, emphasising its role in strengthening community ties and enhancing social welfare and reinforcing shared values within the Muslim community. Zakat functions not only as an economic mechanism for wealth redistribution but also as a cultural institution that fosters solidarity, mutual responsibility, and religious identity. The ethnographic approach highlights how zakat practices are deeply embedded in communal traditions, shaping social relationships and reinforcing ethical and spiritual commitments among Muslims. Originality/Value — Zakat is often perceived as an economic instrument that helps in maintaining economic balance in society by circulating wealth from the rich to the poor. Zakat is importantly a social tool that ensures the social welfare of the needy. Understanding zakat in a societal context is essential for enhancing social cohesion and promoting economic redistribution within Muslim communities. In this regard, the study enriches the zakat discourse by shedding light on its social and cultural dimensions, which are often overlooked in academic discussions. Research Limitations/Implications — Acknowledging the limitations of this approach, further exploration into the dynamic relationship between zakat and social structures is needed. Practical Implications — This study contributes to zakat research by providing a comprehensive framework for qualitative inquiry, with implications for future research, policy, and practice in Muslim communities.