The Seed Microbiome: Microbial Hashes for Plant Wellbeing

Seeds harbour diverse and unique microbial communities that significantly influence seed quality, germination, seedling health, and overall plant resilience. The seed microbiome is shaped by both vertical transmission (from parent plants) and horizontal transmission (from the surrounding environment), with microbial colonization highly dependent on floral pathways, microbial composition, and seed structure. However, the mechanisms governing microbial transmission, their functional roles, and their impact on plant development remain poorly understood. This gap in knowledge limits the ability to harness beneficial microbial interactions for improving germination success and plant health. This review explores the sources and transmission routes of the seed microbiome, emphasizing its role in germination, plant nutrition, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. Additionally, it highlights the dynamic establishment of microbial communities during seedling development and their long-term influence on plant health and longevity. Understanding the complex interactions within the seed microbiome is crucial for leveraging its potential in sustainable agriculture. By uncovering these microbial relationships, future research can pave the way for microbiome-based strategies to enhance crop productivity, resilience, and ecological sustainability.