Green synthesis of quantum dots: Synthetic methods, applications, and toxicity

• Natural extracts and biomolecules offer sustainable alternatives for quantum dot production. • Green synthesis methods for quantum dots reduce environmental impact. • The review covers applications of green quantum dots in bioimaging and environmental remediation. • Addressing toxicity concerns is crucial for the safe use of quantum dots. This review explores the burgeoning field of green synthesis for quantum dots (QDs), offering a sustainable alternative to traditional synthesis methods that often rely on hazardous chemicals and extreme conditions. The research dives into using of eco-friendly reagents, such as natural extracts and biomolecules, to reduce environmental impact and provide a pathway to biocompatible QDs. The review examines various green synthesis strategies, including plant-mediated, biomimetic, and microwave/ultrasonic-assisted methods, each with benefits and applications. The potential applications of green QDs, ranging from advanced imaging techniques to environmental cleanup processes, are discussed, showcasing their versatility and potential impact across multiple sectors. The review also addresses the toxicity concerns associated with QDs, emphasizing the need for thorough biocompatibility studies and the development of mitigation strategies. The paper concludes by identifying the current challenges in green synthesis and suggesting potential avenues for future research to advance the field toward more sustainable and responsible practices in quantum dot production.