Urban systems science and cross-scale dynamics: A conceptual framework to advance integrated planning and governance

Urban systems are inherently multi-scalar, featuring interconnected processes and outcomes across spatial, temporal, and functional dimensions. These cross-scale dynamics present significant challenges for integrated planning and governance, particularly as cities grow increasingly complex. This paper advances urban systems science by presenting a conceptual framework that analyses cross-scale interactions through three key dimensions: spatial hierarchies, temporal dynamics, and functional relationships. Empirical insights, particularly from rapidly urbanising regions, demonstrate how these dimensions converge to shape urban development trajectories and governance outcomes. The findings highlight the need for adaptive, multi-scalar governance frameworks that can address cascading effects, feedback loops, and systemic barriers while balancing local priorities with broader regional and global objectives. This contribution is especially relevant for mega-city regions, where traditional single-scale approaches are inadequate for addressing interconnected urban challenges.