Effects of Byproduct Lactic Acid and Byproduct Betaine As Feed Additives on the Metabolomic Profiles of Blood, Meat, and Fat Tissue of Juvenile Bester Sturgeon (<i>Acipenser</i><i> </i><i>ruthenus</i> × <i>Hu

The sturgeon is an ancient fish that grows slowly and matures sexually late. The diversity of chromosome numbers makes the biological study of sturgeon difficult. However, as an important aquaculture resource, the exploration of its culture conditions deserves in-depth study. This study reports the metabolomic profiles of the bester sturgeon's blood, meat, and fat when two food industrial byproducts rich in lactic acid and betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine), respectively, were used as feed additives using the metabolomic research method. The metabolomic results showed that a total of 388 metabolites were detected, of which 348 metabolites were classified and annotated in the Human Metabolome Database. The differential analysis showed that there were significant differences in the metabolomic profiles among blood, meat, and fat tissues. Screening of differential biomarker metabolites revealed that the main differential biomarker metabolites were derived from blood and that there were differences in the types of differential biomarker metabolites due to the two byproducts. This study provides new insights into the potential use of food industrial byproducts as feed additives and provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of sturgeon culture feeds.