Den site selection by Indian gray wolves in tribal landscapes of Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary considering ecological and cultural factors

Species that rely on dens are integral to sustaining ecosystem balance, and gaining insight into their den selection patterns is essential for successful conservation efforts. The Indian Gray Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) faces significant challenges in finding safe denning sites amidst India's human-dominated landscapes. The survival of this species depends heavily on its ability to coexist with humans. As one of the oldest wolf lineages, they have evolved separately and adapted to the semi-arid landscapes of India. This study investigates den-site selection within a 64 km² area of the MWS, Jharkhand, India. Between 2022 and 2024, 18 active dens were identified and analysed against 40 random locations to assess the importance of habitat and anthropogenic variables in den-site selection. The results revealed that dens are typically found in areas with abundant Sal (Shorea robusta) trees, steep slopes, and increased shrub cover. This highlights the significance of the Sal tree, where its cultural association helps minimize disturbances, indirectly supporting wolf breeding habitats. This study emphasizes the need to understand the ecological requirements of the Indian Gray Wolf and incorporate traditional cultural practices into wildlife management strategies. By shedding light on den site selection in tribal landscapes, the study offers crucial insights for wildlife managers, enabling them to develop effective conservation plans that promote the survival of Indian wolves and foster coexistence with humans amid evolving environmental conditions.