Impact of fructooligosaccharides on gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in gestational diabetes mellitus: An in vitro fermentation model study

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study investigates the effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and functional pathways using an in vitro fermentation model. Fecal samples from ten GDM patients were treated with FOS and analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics. FOS supplementation enriched beneficial genera ( Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , Roseburia ) while reducing harmful taxa ( Escherichia-Shigella ). Metabolically, it increased acetate production and lowered harmful gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide). Predictive functional analysis revealed enhanced ribosome activity, amino acid biosynthesis, and quorum sensing, alongside reduced sugar metabolism and ATP-binding cassette transporters. These findings highlight FOS as a promising prebiotic for modulating gut microbiota, boosting short-chain fatty acid production, and improving metabolic health in GDM patients. This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms by which FOS influences gut microbial ecology and its therapeutic potential for GDM management. • FOS treatment enriches Bifidobacterium & Lactobacillus in feces from GDM. • FOS reduces Escherichia-Shigella and lowers toxic gases like ammonia and H₂S. • FOS elevates acetate production, promoting a healthier metabolic environment. • PICRUSt2 analysis shows enhanced amino acid biosynthesis and quorum sensing.