On Large Language Models in National Security Applications

ABSTRACT The overwhelming success of GPT‐4 in early 2023 highlighted the transformative potential of large language models (LLMs) across various sectors, including national security. This article explores the implications of LLM integration within national security contexts, analysing their potential to revolutionise information processing, decision‐making and operational efficiency. Whereas LLMs offer substantial benefits, such as automating tasks and enhancing data analysis, they also pose significant risks, including hallucinations, data privacy concerns, and vulnerability to adversarial attacks. Through their coupling with decision‐theoretic principles and Bayesian reasoning, LLMs can significantly improve decision‐making processes within national security organisations. Namely, LLMs can facilitate the transition from data to actionable decisions, enabling decision‐makers to quickly receive and distill available information with less manpower. Current applications within the US Department of Defense and beyond are explored, for example, the USAF's use of LLMs for wargaming and automatic summarisation, that illustrate their potential to streamline operations and support decision‐making. However, these applications necessitate rigorous safeguards to ensure accuracy and reliability. The broader implications of LLM integration extend to strategic planning, international relations and the broader geopolitical landscape, with adversarial nations leveraging LLMs for disinformation and cyber operations, emphasising the need for robust countermeasures. Despite exhibiting “sparks" of artificial general intelligence, LLMs are best suited for supporting roles rather than leading strategic decisions. Their use in training and wargaming can provide valuable insights and personalised learning experiences for military personnel, thereby improving operational readiness.