Heat Transfer Performance of Hybrid Nanofluid Radiative Flow via a Rotating Disk With Heat Source–Sink Effects and Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT Nanotechnology has garnered important consideration in recent years owing to its exceptional performance and broad range of applications, particularly in heat transfer and solar energy storage. The use of hybrid nanofluids offers numerous advantages over traditional heat transfer fluids, improving thermal conductivity, heat exchange proficiency, and overall performance. Hybrid nanofluids, comprising different types of nanoparticles dispersed in base fluids, have shown great potential in a variation of engineering applications, from industrial heat exchangers to advanced cooling systems in electronics. This study specifically explores the heat source–sink behavior and heat transfer characteristics of TiO 2 ‐SiO 2 , TiO 2 ‐MoS 2 , and TiO 2 ‐Au–based hybrid nanofluids flowing over a stretching disk. The selected nanoparticles TiO 2 , SiO 2 , Au, and MoS 2 are dispersed in kerosene oil–based fluid to investigate their effects on heat transfer properties. The key objective of this work is to examine the complex interactions between the Prandtl number and viscous dissipation by analyzing the dispersal behavior of nanoparticles in a kerosene oil–based fluid. Using boundary layer approximations and nondimensionalization through similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are derived. The resulting higher order coupled ordinary differential equations are analyzed numerically using the BVP4C shooting method, implemented in MATLAB. The current model is successfully enhanced via a central composite design (CCD) along with response surface methodology for statistical analysis. Key parameters such as velocity, temperature, and entropy generation are thoroughly examined and represented graphically to highlight their influence on the overall thermal transport behavior. The findings from this research offer valuable insights into the enhancement of thermal transport properties, helping to create heat transfer systems that are more effective. The use of hybrid nanofluids has the potential to enhance thermal management in various industries, including the design and optimization of systems such as solar collectors, heat exchangers, microelectronics, and advanced thermal management technologies. In particular, hybrid nanofluids can are essential to increasing the effectiveness of solar energy storage systems by enhancing heat absorption and retention. Moreover, their application in microelectronics could help in better managing the heat dissipation in electronic devices, ensuring reliability and performance. By optimizing these nanofluids, industries can significantly reduce energy consumption, increase system performance, and support sustainable practices in energy production and consumption.