PCR-RFLP analysis of insecticide resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates in Musca domestica L.

Introduction . Zoophilic flies play a significant role in animal disease transmission, and insecticide resistance being a relevant veterinary issue globally is an obstacle to effective fly population control. Molecular methods are more commonly used to monitor and diagnose insecticide resistance in insect populations. Objective . The study aims to assess distribution of the main mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds and carbamates in three natural populations of Musca domestica L. collected in 2021–2023 in livestock facilities of the Tyumen Oblast. Materials and methods . Genotyping of CYP, vssc and ace-2 genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results . One mutation in the vssc gene (L1014F) associated with resistance to pyrethroids and two mutations in the ace-2 gene (G342A, G342V) conferring resistance to organophosphorus compounds and carbamates were found. The resistant allele L1014F was present in 40–70% of the tested insects of all three populations with 30–55% frequency. The G342A allele was found in 10 and 60% of insects from two populations with frequencies of 5 and 30%, respectively. The G342V allele was detected in 40% insects of only one population with a frequency of 25%. Conclusion . The results obtained indicate the potential for conferring resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds and carbamates in the studied populations of Musca domestica, which should be taken into account when selecting disinsectants for livestock-keeping facilities and protecting animals from insects. Further molecular tests of Musca domestica flies from the regions bordering the Tyumen Oblast will be useful for developing a strategy to contain spread of resistant alleles in local populations.