Association of smoking with the efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: A propensity score-matched cohort study

Smoking affects glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, its impact in the era of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has not been thoroughly studied. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two centers, involving 405 T1D patients treated with multiple daily insulin injections and using CGM. The patients were matched using propensity scores based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. HbA1c levels were analysed before and after a 2.2-year follow-up period. The analysis was performed using mixed linear regression and multivariable conditional logistic models. The sample included 135 smokers and 270 non-smokers, with a mean age of 47.6 years, and 50.1% were women. Both groups had a similar baseline HbA1c of 8.0 (1.5%). After follow-up, non-smokers reduced their HbA1c to 7.3 (1.1%), while smokers only reduced it to 7.7 (1.3%), 95% CI [−0.57–0.10]). The proportion of non-smokers achieving HbA1c <7% increased from 25% to 38.1%, 95% CI [0.14–0.36, whereas smokers showed no change (25.9%, 95% CI [−0.13–0.21]). Smoking was independently associated with a higher risk of not achieving HbA1c <7%, despite CGM use (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI [1.13–3.17]. Smoking limits the glycemic control benefits of CGM in individuals with T1D. It is crucial to include smokers in clinical trials and to develop strategies to discourage smoking in this population to maximise the benefits of diabetes technology. El tabaquismo influye en el control glucémico de las personas con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) sin embargo su impacto en la era de la monitorización continua de glucosa (MCG), no ha sido suficientemente estudiado. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de dos centros con 405 pacientes con DM1, tratados con múltiples dosis de insulina y usuarios de MCG, emparejados por puntajes por propensión según características sociodemográficas y clínicas Se analizaron los niveles de HbA1c antes y después de un seguimiento de 2,2 años. El análisis se realizó mediante modelos de regresión lineal mixta y logística condicional multivariable. La muestra incluyó 135 fumadores y 270 no fumadores, con una edad media de 47,6 años y 50,1% mujeres. Ambos grupos comenzaron con una HbA1c similar de 8,0 (1,5%). Tras el seguimiento, los no fumadores redujeron su HbA1c a 7,3 (1,1%), mientras que los fumadores solo a 7,7 (1,3%), IC 95% [−0,57–0,10] La proporción de no fumadores con HbA1c <7% aumentó de 25% a 38,1% IC 95% [0,14–0,36], mientras que los fumadores permanecieron sin cambios (25,9%, IC 95% [−0,13–0,21]). El tabaquismo se asoció de manera independiente con un mayor riesgo de no alcanzar HbA1c<7%, a pesar del uso de MCG (odds ratio 1,89 IC 95% [1,13-3,17]. El tabaquismo limita los beneficios del uso de MCG en el control glucémico de personas con DM1. Es esencial incluir a fumadores en ensayos clínicos y desarrollar estrategias para desalentar el tabaquismo en esta población, con el fin de maximizar los beneficios de la tecnología en diabetes.

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Journal
Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
Published
2025-03-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2024.10.027
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Diabetes Management and Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.29

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article

Association of smoking with the efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: A propensity score-matched cohort study

Miguel Sampedro‐Núñez, Fernando Sebastián‐Valles, Julia Martínez‐Alfonso, José Alfonso Arranz Martín et al.
1 citations
Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
Diabetes Management and Research
1.29
article

Association of smoking with the efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: A propensity score-matched cohort study

Miguel Sampedro‐Núñez, Fernando Sebastián‐Valles, Julia Martínez‐Alfonso, José Alfonso Arranz Martín, Mónica Marazuela, Iñigo Hernando Alday, Víctor Navas-Moreno, Juan José Raposo‐López, María Sara Tapia-Sanchiz, Jon Garai Hierro
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Smoking affects glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, its impact in the era of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has not been thoroughly studied. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two centers, involving 405 T1D patients treated with multiple daily insulin injections and using CGM. The patients were matched using propensity scores based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. HbA1c levels were analysed before and after a 2.2-year follow-up period. The analysis was performed using mixed linear regression and multivariable conditional logistic models. The sample included 135 smokers and 270 non-smokers, with a mean age of 47.6 years, and 50.1% were women. Both groups had a similar baseline HbA1c of 8.0 (1.5%). After follow-up, non-smokers reduced their HbA1c to 7.3 (1.1%), while smokers only reduced it to 7.7 (1.3%), 95% CI [−0.57–0.10]). The proportion of non-smokers achieving HbA1c <7% increased from 25% to 38.1%, 95% CI [0.14–0.36, whereas smokers showed no change (25.9%, 95% CI [−0.13–0.21]). Smoking was independently associated with a higher risk of not achieving HbA1c <7%, despite CGM use (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI [1.13–3.17]. Smoking limits the glycemic control benefits of CGM in individuals with T1D. It is crucial to include smokers in clinical trials and to develop strategies to discourage smoking in this population to maximise the benefits of diabetes technology. El tabaquismo influye en el control glucémico de las personas con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) sin embargo su impacto en la era de la monitorización continua de glucosa (MCG), no ha sido suficientemente estudiado. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de dos centros con 405 pacientes con DM1, tratados con múltiples dosis de insulina y usuarios de MCG, emparejados por puntajes por propensión según características sociodemográficas y clínicas Se analizaron los niveles de HbA1c antes y después de un seguimiento de 2,2 años. El análisis se realizó mediante modelos de regresión lineal mixta y logística condicional multivariable. La muestra incluyó 135 fumadores y 270 no fumadores, con una edad media de 47,6 años y 50,1% mujeres. Ambos grupos comenzaron con una HbA1c similar de 8,0 (1,5%). Tras el seguimiento, los no fumadores redujeron su HbA1c a 7,3 (1,1%), mientras que los fumadores solo a 7,7 (1,3%), IC 95% [−0,57–0,10] La proporción de no fumadores con HbA1c <7% aumentó de 25% a 38,1% IC 95% [0,14–0,36], mientras que los fumadores permanecieron sin cambios (25,9%, IC 95% [−0,13–0,21]). El tabaquismo se asoció de manera independiente con un mayor riesgo de no alcanzar HbA1c<7%, a pesar del uso de MCG (odds ratio 1,89 IC 95% [1,13-3,17]. El tabaquismo limita los beneficios del uso de MCG en el control glucémico de personas con DM1. Es esencial incluir a fumadores en ensayos clínicos y desarrollar estrategias para desalentar el tabaquismo en esta población, con el fin de maximizar los beneficios de la tecnología en diabetes.

Medicina Clínica (English Edition)Vol. 164(8)
Hospital de Basurto (ES), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (ES), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
Comunidad de Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 21%
Diabetes Management and Research
1.29
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