Preliminary Assessment of Hydrological Heritage in North Macedonia: A Novel Contribution to Geodiversity Protection

Abstract This study inventories, classifies, and evaluates the hydrological heritage of North Macedonia, categorizing key features into four main groups: (1) river basins, including rivers and waterfalls; (2) springs, classified as karst and thermal; (3) natural lakes, subdivided into tectonic, glacial, landslide, denudation, and karst types; and (4) marshes. Recent measurements indicate a significant decline in the water levels of glacial lakes in North Macedonia. The deepest glacial lake in North Macedonia is Golemo Pelistersko Ezero Lake (17.2 m). Using geospatial analysis and the Geosite Assessment Model (GAM), this research assesses 10 selected glacial lakes based on their size and hydrological significance, focusing on their vulnerability to climate change and risk of disappearance. The GAM evaluation examines each lake’s Main Values (MV)—scientific, educational, aesthetic, and tourism attributes—as well as Additional Values (AV), including accessibility, infrastructure, and educational resources. The findings reveal significant diversity in the hydrological heritage of North Macedonia’s glacial lakes. Notably, Bogovinsko Ezero Lake achieved the highest Main Value score of 11.5, reflecting its exceptional scientific importance and aesthetic appeal, alongside an Additional Value score of 13.0. Given the increasing risks to these hydrological sites, this study underscores the urgent need for protective measures. Overall, the research enhances the understanding of hydrological heritage in North Macedonia and provides data-driven recommendations for sustainable management and conservation strategies, integrating these water sites into broader geodiversity protection efforts.