Seasonal Variation in Biodiversity of AM Fungi in Madhuca Longifolia

The crucial role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant growth and soil health have been well established through observational and evolutionary studies. They support plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and improving stress tolerance. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal diversity and colonization of AM fungal spores associated with Madhuca Longifolia(Indian butter nut tree) roots in Maharashtra Nature Park (MNP), Mumbai. The study was conducted across two seasons- pre-monsoon (April– June) and monsoon (July–September). Soil and root samples were analyzed for spore diversity, root colonization rates, and the impact of environmental factors associated with these seasons on fungal distribution. The results revealed a higher diversity of AM fungal spores during the monsoon season, with the presence of Aculosporamyriocarpa, Glomus, Gigaspora, Macrocarpum, and Clarum sp. In contrast, only Aculosporamyriocarpa and Glomus were observed in the pre-monsoon period. Interestingly, despite higher diversity observed in the monsoon season, root colonization was lower (54.8%) compared to the pre-monsoon season (65%). This is most likely due to negative impact of excessive soil moisture on fungal-root interactions. The spores were found to be coated with soil particles, suggesting contamination due to pollution in the habitat. The prevalence of Aculosporamyriocarpaand Glomus sp. across both seasons indicates their adaptability to the ecological conditions in MNP. In conclusion, this study highlights the seasonal dynamics of AM fungal communities in MNP which may be more adapted to pre-monsoon conditions.