Carbon dynamics in termite mounds: The effect of land use on microbial oxalotrophy

• Frass of Microhodotermes viator increased fertility of termite mound soils. • Microbial respiration increased dissolved carbon concentrations in soils. • Calcite saturation index increased in soils supplemented with calcium oxalate. • Lower respiratory quotients may suggest degradation of lignin in frass. • Cultivation may destabilize organic matter and reduce microbial biomass production. The semi-arid western region of South Africa hosts extensive earthen mounds known as heuweltjies , which are inhabited by Microhodotermes viator termites and play a critical role in soil biogeochemical cycling. These mounds accumulate significant stores of soil organic and inorganic carbon (C), including pedogenic calcium carbonate, which may form through microbially induced calcite precipitation. In this study, the effects of land use change on C dynamics in heuweltjie soils were assessed by examining soil biogeochemistry and apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ, based on soil pore gas composition). We investigated the oxalate-carbonate pathway (OCP) as a potential mechanism of C sequestration. Topsoils were collected from one pristine and one cultivated termite mound in a semi-arid region of South Africa and incubated for one week. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and oxygen concentrations of soil pore gas as well as chemical properties of soils treated with termite frass (excrement) or calcium oxalate (CaOx) were monitored. Increases in pH and the calcite saturation index in both CaOx- and frass-treated soils suggested the potential occurrence of the OCP. The ARQ values did not reflect geochemical changes associated with OCP due to competing metabolic pathways, such as potential lignin degradation in frass-treated soils. Higher ARQ values in uncultivated versus cultivated CaOx-treated soils may indicate higher carbon use efficiency in uncultivated soils or destabilization of existing C in cultivated soils. Respiration in frass-treated soils was higher than control and CaOx-treated soils and resulted in production of bicarbonate (via dissociation of carbonic acid formed by dissolution of respired CO 2 in water). This implies that termite-affected landscapes may sequester C in inorganic form. Increased total C in both cultivated and uncultivated soils treated with frass suggests that microbial CO 2 -fixation may occur in termite-affected landscapes, necessitating further investigation of pathways responsible for this process.