Effect of backward walking versus home-based core program on pain and core function in non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of backward walking (BW) and home-based core stabilization exercises (CSE) on core muscle endurance and pain in females with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Materials and methods. Forty-five females with NSLBP were randomized into three equal groups: BW, CSE, and control. Core endurance was assessed using McGill’s core endurance tests (flexor endurance test, extensor endurance test, and lateral bridge tests on both sides). Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after six weeks of intervention. Results. Compared to baseline assessment, a mixed-design MANOVA revealed significant improvement in all core endurance test times in the BW and CSE groups (P < 0.05), with no significant change in the control group (P > 0.05). Both intervention groups experienced significant pain reduction after training, while the control group had significantly higher pain scores (P < 0.05). Regarding post-test group differences, core endurance improved significantly in both intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Pain scores were significantly lower in both intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected in any outcome measures between the two intervention groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. BW improves core muscle endurance and reduces pain in patients with NSLBP and is as effective as home-based CSE.