ENDOCRINOPATHIES INDUCED BY IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS IN CANCER PATIENTS.

A recent key role in cancer treatment is the stimulation of the immune system by blocking immune checkpoint inhibitors, and it has been established that certain tumor cells are capable of producing these molecules, hence evading immune response and surviving Despite the signicant impact of these molecules on the survivability of cancer patients, their use can lead to uncontrolled immune responses not only against the tumor but also against healthy organs. In particular, the endocrine system has been documented in literature as one of the primary systems affected. The most prevalent endocrinopathies reported include thyroid dysfunction (ranging from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis), hypophysitis (manifesting as hypopituitarism), and, although less frequently, primary adrenal insufciency and autoimmune diabetes. It is noteworthy that there exist other endocrine disorders, which, although less frequently documented, have been observed to coincide with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These include primary hypoparathyroidism, diabetes insipidus, and Cushing's syndrome (ACTH-dependent). The present article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics associated with these endocrinopathies.