Digital technologies and big data in the transformation of agriculture: opportunities and challenges

The article is devoted to examining the role of digital technologies and big data in modernizing agriculture. Based on a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature, the main trends in the application of digital solutions in the agricultural sector have been identified, including precision farming, smart farms, and blockchain for supply chain tracking. Using comparative and statistical analyses, the effects of implementing digital innovations have been evaluated using examples from several countries. It has been revealed that the use of big data allows for an average increase in yield by 15–20% and a reduction in costs by 10–15%. At the same time, barriers to digitalization have been outlined: high initial investments, a lack of competencies, and system compatibility issues. An original conceptual model for effective digital transformation of agriculture has been proposed, integrating technological, economic, and social aspects. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that takes into account both the benefits and risks of digitalization. Promising directions for further research have been identified.