Unleashing Solar Potential: Boosting Efficiency by Modification Donor Density in MASnBr₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Methylammonium tin bromide (MASnBr3)-based PSCs have been selected for their inherent benefits compared to lead-based alternatives, including lower ecological footprint and improved reliability during operation. This novel mixture, consisting of MA and SnBr3, has impressive efficiency in laboratory conditions. Current research efforts are concentrated on improving manufacturing techniques and enhancing device designs to increase performance measures, to achieve competitive efficiency and lasting reliability. MASnBr3- based PSCs, while being in the early phases of development, provide a very potential path for advancing PSC innovation. These solar cells offer environmentally friendly and excellent PV solutions that are crucial for the worldwide transition to green energy. The work utilizes the SCAPS simulation tool to investigate the influence of differences in donor density (ND) on the performance of PSCs based on MASnBr3. This work aims to assess the impact of varying the ND in a perovskite buffered film based on MASnBr3 on the PV parameters JSC, VOC, and FF. Furthermore, an increase in ND leads to a favorable increase in VOC, while causing a little decrease in JSC owing to a reduced number of charge carriers. The EQE remains constant regardless of changes in ND. Investigations demonstrate that higher ND leads to a consistent rise in FF, which signifies enhanced charge extraction and less recombination. Ultimately, a doping concentration of 1 x 10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sup> cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> yields the most favorable photovoltaic (PV) characteristics, such as JSC - 31.79 mA/cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>, VOC - 1.17 V, FF - 88.75%, overall PCE- 33.12%. These findings provide opportunities for enhancing the efficiency and durability of solar energy conversion, as well as for advancing the development of PSCs and other forms of renewable energy.