Study of Gentian Violet Toxicity in Labeo rohita: Behavioral Modifications, and Sub-lethal Impacts

This study explores the acute and sub-lethal toxicological effects of Gentian Violet (GV), a synthetic triphenylmethane dye, on Labeo rohita, a prevalent freshwater aquaculture species. GV, utilized extensively in industrial applications, including aquaculture for antifungal treatment, poses potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity was evaluated by determining the 96-hour lethal concentration (LC50) via Probit analysis, with an LC50 value of 1.8 mg/L identified, indicating substantial toxicity. For sub-lethal exposure, concentrations corresponding to 1/5th and 1/20th of the LC50 (0.36 mg/L and 0.09 mg/L) were assessed over 7, 14, and 28 days. Behavioral alterations, including reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gill irritation, were observed, particularly at the higher concentration, though recovery was noted over time, suggesting adaptive physiological responses. Physiological stress markers, including oxygen uptake and hematological parameters, exhibited significant perturbations at 0.36 mg/L, with partial recovery by the 28th day. These results underscore the dose-dependent toxicity of GV, with pronounced acute effects and sub-lethal stress responses manifesting through behavioral and biochemical alterations. The study further emphasizes the need for stringent regulatory frameworks to mitigate GV contamination in aquatic ecosystems, alongside the pursuit of eco-friendly alternatives to mitigate the long-term environmental impact of synthetic dyes. The findings also advocate for further research to elucidate chronic toxicity and reproductive effects to inform sustainable aquaculture practices and environmental conservation strategies.