PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The article examines the relationship between the philosophical foundations of scientific knowledge and the practical methods of its realization. The philosophy of science analyzes the nature of scientific knowledge, the criteria of its truth, methodological principles and the limits of science. Basic concepts such as falsificationism, scientific paradigms, and empiricism form the basis of scientific research. The article discusses the importance of philosophical foundations in the choice of scientific methods, their impact on the development of science and the formation of new theories. The role of scientific methodology in the construction of knowledge and the criteria of its scientificity is highlighted. Philosophy of science defines the conceptual foundations of scientific knowledge, while methodology provides practical means of its realization. Philosophy and science in interaction contribute to a deeper understanding of reality and the development of new ideas. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the philosophy of science and methods of scientific research and their use in practice. Objectives of the study: 1) to analyze the philosophy of science as a study of the essence and methods of scientific knowledge; 2) to find out the evolution of the conceptual foundations of the interaction between the philosophy of science and methods of scientific knowledge; 3) to study the methodology of postnonclassical science in the context of complexity, world dynamics and adaptation of knowledge to modern challenges; 4) to reveal the latest approaches to the integration of philosophy and science: interdisciplinary synthesis, digital epistemology, postnonclassical rationality. Postnonclassical methodology (late XX-XXI centuries) studies complex, self-organized systems (living organisms, social systems, biosphere); takes into account nonlinear processes and synergies; combines natural science and humanitarian approaches (bioethics, artificial intelligence). The modern integration of philosophy and science is focused on transdisciplinarity, nonlinearity, information approach, and socio-cultural context. This opens up new horizons of knowledge and allows for a more holistic understanding of the world. Modern science and philosophy are increasingly interacting, expanding the horizons of cognition in the context of dynamics, information stochasticity, and uncertainty.