Ricochet characteristics of a trans-media vehicle with a slider using three-dimensional multi-resolution smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling

Ricochet motion near water surface is a common phenomenon in ocean engineering and plays a pivotal role in the design of innovative conceptual trans-media vehicles. In this study, the adaptive particle refinement smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, characterized by multi-resolution particle distributions, is employed to investigate the ricochet motion of a vehicle equipped with a wedge-shaped slider. The convergence and accuracy of the method are verified through a series of case studies, encompassing two two-dimensional (2D) cases and one three-dimensional (3D) case. In addition, a multi-cell linked list method is introduced to enhance the efficiency of nearest neighbor particle search and its efficiency is demonstrated, particularly in the context of 3D simulations. Furthermore, the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of the ricochet motion are analyzed, and the effects of the slider position, initial inclination angle, and initial velocity angle on various parameters, such as cavity formation, load distributions and kinematics, are systematically studied. The findings reveal that the ricochet motion is highly sensitive to the slider position, and stable ricochet motion can be achieved by adjusting the initial inclination angles in different scenarios. These insights provide valuable guidance for the design of trans-media vehicles with a wedge-shaped slider.