ALK-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in sickle cell trait: A case report and review of literature

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with ALK-1 positive ALCL exhibiting an aggressive clinical course. However, it remains potentially curable if diagnosed in a timely manner. We present the case of a 13-year-old boy with coexisting sickle cell trait and ALK-1 positive ALCL, who presented with recurrent fever, progressive weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, and severe anemia. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, he succumbed within 32 hours of admission. Postmortem examination revealed extensive lymph node infiltration by tumor cells and widespread multi-organ involvement. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges associated with ALK-1 positive ALCL, particularly in pediatric patients with underlying hematologic conditions, and raises the possibility of a potential association between ALK-1 positive ALCL and sickle cell trait.