Exploring the relationship between extracellular vesicles, the dendritic cell immunoreceptor, and <scp>microRNA</scp> ‐155 in an in vivo model of <scp>HIV</scp> ‐1 infection to understand the disease and develop new treatments

HIV-1 infection induces persistent immune system activation despite antiretroviral therapy. New immunomodulatory targets might be required to restore immune competence. The dendritic cells immunoreceptor (DCIR) can bind HIV-1 and regulate immune functions and extracellular vesicles (EVs) production. EVs have emerged as biomarkers and a non-invasive tool to monitor HIV-1 progression. In people living with HIV-1, an increase in the size and abundance of EVs is associated with a decline in the CD4/CD8 T cells ratio, a key marker of immune dysfunction. Analysis of host nucleic acids within EVs has revealed an enrichment of microRNA-155 (miR-155) during HIV-1 infection. Experiments have demonstrated that miR-155-rich EVs enhance HIV-1 infection in vitro. A humanized NSG-mouse model was established to assess the in vivo impact of miR-155-rich EVs. Co-production of the virus with miR-155-rich EVs heightened the viral load and lowered the CD4/CD8 ratio in the mice. Upon euthanasia, EVs were isolated from plasma for size and quantity assessment. Consistent with findings in individuals with HIV-1, increased EV size and abundance were inversely correlated with the CD4/CD8 ratio. Next, by using the virus co-product with EV-miR-155, we tested a DCIR inhibitor to limit infection and immune damage in a humanized mouse model. DCIR inhibition reduced infection and partially restored immune functions. Finally, viral particles and various EV subtypes can convey HIV-1 RNA. HIV-1 RNA was predominantly associated with large EVs (200-1000 nm) rather than small EVs (50-200 nm). Viral loads in large EVs strongly correlated with blood and tissue markers of immune activation. The humanized mice model has proven its applicability to studying the roles of EVs on HIV-1 infection and investigating the impact of DCIR inhibition.