Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems: Sources, Transport and Ecotoxicological Impacts on Aquatic Life and Human Health

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread pollutants in freshwater ecosystems, originating from industrial runoff, urban waste, and agriculture. These particles, ranging from nanometers to millimeters, accumulate in sediments and pose risks to aquatic life. Freshwater organisms ingest MPs, leading to reduced feeding efficiency, growth inhibition, and reproductive toxicity. MPs also act as vectors for toxic chemicals, contributing to bioaccumulation and biomagnification, raising human health concerns. Potential impacts include inflammation, oxidative stress, and chemical exposure. This review explores MP sources, transport mechanisms, and ecotoxicological effects, highlighting the need for further research and effective waste management to mitigate their risks.