Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis: a consensus statement by the Chinese College of Interventionalists

Hemoptysis is defined as bleeding originating from the respiratory tract distal to the larynx and is associated with a wide spectrum of underlying conditions, including bronchiectasis, pulmonary malignancies, tuberculosis, aspergillosis, and vascular malformations. [1][2[3] A metaanalysis involving patients with massive hemoptysis reported a mortality rate of 3.5%. [4]This underscores the critical importance of prompt and eff ective embolization of the responsible artery to improve outcomes, particularly in patients presenting with life-threatening hemoptysis.Systemic artery embolization, including bronchial artery embolization (BAE) and non-bronchial systemic artery (NBSA) embolization, has emerged as a cornerstone intervention for the management of hemoptysis and is extensively employed in clinical practice. [5]Given its widespread application and recognition, BAE is utilized as the representative modality for systemic artery embolization in this consensus statement.Despite the broad adoption of BAE, the absence of standardized protocols has resulted in notable variability in techniques across institutions and operators.To address this gap and facilitate the standardization of BAE for hemoptysis management, the