Intraoperative Cortical Indocyanine Green Extravasation as a Predictor of Cerebral Hyperperfusion following Direct Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease: Impact of Prolonged Observations of Indocyanine Green Videoangiography

Intraoperative cortical ICG extravasation, observed in the late phase of ICG-VAG, may serve as a direct indicator of the intrinsic vulnerability of BBB in patients with MMD. Prolonged ICG-VAG observation could be a simple and effective intraoperative tool to predict postoperative CHP and local vasogenic edema in patients undergoing direct revascularization for MMD, thereby enabling intensive postoperative monitoring for high-risk cases.