The role of intermediate financial distress events and business cycles in stock market delisting: evidence from the Johannesburg stock exchange

Stock markets in emerging countries have experienced high rates of delisting despite their importance in enterprise development. Delisting is a well-studied phenomenon with numerous studies documenting its key drivers. However, these studies conceptualise delisting as a transition from a listed to a delisted state. Such an approach ignores the reality of a typical delisting process which is usually characterised by numerous distress episodes, before the final delisting (absorbing event). In this paper, we model the role of intermediate financial distress events and business cycles in stock market delisting using an extended Cox model. In addition to assessing financial distress events, the study also assesses the role of business cycles in explaining delisting. The current study, therefore, contributes to the literature on delisting by conceptualising delisting as a system-wide multistate framework, incorporating intermediate distress episodes. This approach sheds light on curative measures that can be employed by policymakers to resolve distress and reduce the rate of delisting on the stock exchange. Additionally, the study adopts models that appropriately handle time-dependent covariates such as business cycles, approaches that are not found in studies that commonly use binary approaches to understand delisting. We find the length of distress spells; consecutive income losses, and composite lead business cycle indicators as significant factors in explaining delisting. Intermediate distress events and business cycle indicators can therefore be used as early warning indicators for delisting and stress-testing variables in ascertaining the potential impact of changing economic conditions on delisting respectively.