PHYTOCHEMICALS: KEY MODULATORS TO REVERSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with epigenetic modifications playing a crucial role in its initiation and progression. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are reversible, making them promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights the role of natural compounds, particularly phytochemicals, in modulating epigenetic pathways involved in cancer development. Flavonoids, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds exhibit anticancer properties by targeting key epigenetic regulators, including DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). These natural 'epi-drugs' can reverse aberrant DNA hypermethylation, reactivate tumor suppressor genes, and modulate histone acetylation, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Compounds such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), curcumin, and resveratrol have demonstrated significant epigenetic effects in preclinical studies. However, challenges such as low bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetics, and limited clinical validation hinder their widespread application. Advances in drug delivery systems, including nano-formulations and encapsulation strategies, may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. This review underscores the potential of phytochemicals as epigenetic modulators in cancer prevention and therapy while emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their clinical applicability and therapeutic outcomes.