Optimization of Germination and Seedling Development in (Ju-glans regia L.) Cultivars Using Different Growing Media

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three different growing media—loamy soil (G1), silty clay (G2), and a peat moss-perlite mix (G3)—on the germination and growth of three walnut cultivars (Juglans regia L.): Denarta (C1), Choman (C2), and Hawraman (C3). Results showed that both growing media and cultivar type significantly influenced germination rates and seedling growth parameters. The highest germination percentage was observed in G3 for C3 (81.48% and 92.59%, respectively). Furthermore, the combination of G3 and C3 produced the greatest seedling height (25.33 cm) and root length (18.33 cm). These findings suggest that peat moss-perlite (G3) is the most suitable growing medium for walnut seedling propagation, and the Hawraman cultivar (C3) exhibits the best growth performance. This combination is recommended for walnut nursery operations and reforestation efforts in the Kurdistan region. Keywords: Juglans regia, growing media, seedling growth, walnut cultivars, and germination