Effect of cataract surgery on graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty

to recognize that cataract surgery after keratoplasty may negatively impact graft longevity. Inthe past, combined penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular lens extraction, and intraocular lens implantation were performed in patients with cataracts and corneal pathology 7 .However, the practice of "open sky" surgery has mostly been abandoned due to potential risks such as posterior capsule rupture, expulsive hemorrhage, complications preventing intraocular lens placement, and challenges in achieving desired postoperative visual results.With advancements in phacoemulsification techniques and viscoelastics, penetrating keratoplasty now allows for endothelium-preserving surgery and improved