Silence as Speech: Linguistic Taboos, Honor, and the Negotiation of Identity in Pashtun Society

This study examines linguistic taboos in Pashtun society as reflections of cultural identity, honour (ghairat), and Islamic values. Through ethnographic and sociolinguistic analysis, it reveals how words like "donkey" or "pig" shift from mundane to taboo based on context, while terms tied to sexuality, women’s names, or sacred concepts are policed through euphemisms, metaphors (e.g., gul [rose] for disability), and ritual phrases (Allah dy obakhi—"May God forgive"). Rooted in Pashtunwali (tribal honour codes) and politeness theory, taboos balance communal dignity and faith, yet adapt to modernity: urban youth adopt English slang, while rural communities guard traditional speech. Gender dynamics persist—men wield vulgarity publicly; women protect familial honour through silence. Contrasts with Jordanian, Ethiopian, and American taboos highlight universality and cultural uniqueness. Urbanization and poverty further reshape norms, as digital spaces challenge generational divides. The study frames taboos not as static rules but living traditions, negotiating identity in a globalized world. Their evolution underscores language’s role in preserving heritage amid change.