Adaptive evolution of sesquiterpene deoxyphomenone in mycoparasitism by <i>Hansfordia pulvinata</i> associated with horizontal gene transfer from <i>Aspergillus</i> species

Tomato leaf mold disease caused by <i>C. fulvum</i> poses a significant economic threat to tomato production globally. Breeders have developed tomato cultivars with <i>Cf</i> resistance genes. <i>C. fulvum</i> frequently evolves new races that overcome these genetic defenses, complicating control efforts. Additionally, the pathogen has developed resistance to chemical fungicides, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives like biocontrol agents. The mycoparasitic fungus <i>H. pulvinata</i> is crucial as an effective agent against <i>C. fulvum</i>. Clarifying the mechanism of mycoparasitism is significant, as it enhances its application as a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens. This study revealed how <i>H. pulvinata</i> produces deoxyphomenone, an antifungal compound, through horizontal gene transfer from <i>Aspergillus</i> species. It is hypothesized that mycoparasitism could be one of the mechanisms that facilitated horizontal gene transfer between fungi. These insights facilitate the development of eco-friendly, sustainable agricultural practices by reducing dependence on chemical fungicides and promoting natural pathogen control methods.